Accuracy in body composition scanning by adult half-body DXA scanning / Precisión en la exploración de la composición corporal mediante DXA de medio cuerpo en adultos

Introduction: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard method, although one limitation is the size of the scan area. Objective: the objective was to verify the accuracy of body composition (BC) scanning through half-body DXA scanning compared to standard total body scanning. Methods: a study was conducted on 145 volunteers. Weight and height were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. DXA was used for whole-body scan (WBS) and half-body scan (HBS). WBS was used as the reference method and the following indicators were extracted: bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), lean soft tissue (LST) and percentage fat mass (%FM). Results: no differences were observed in the body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM) when compared between the reference WBS scanner and the HBS scanner. The predictive power between both scans ranged in both sexes between R2 = 0.94 and 0.98. The DRI desirable reproducibility index values defining the degree of agreement between both scans ranged from 0.97 to 0.99, and the values for precision (0.97 to 0.99) and accuracy (0.99) were high. Conclusion: HBS scanning by DXA evidenced agreement, and high values of accuracy and precision to assess body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM). (AU)

Introducción: la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) es el método de referencia, aunque una limitación es el tamaño del área de exploración. Objetivo: el objetivo fue verificar la precisión de la exploración de la CB mediante la exploración DXA de medio cuerpo en comparación con la exploración estándar de todo el cuerpo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio con 145 voluntarios. Se evaluaron el peso y la altura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se utilizó la DXA para la exploración de cuerpo entero (WBS) y la exploración de medio cuerpo (HBS). Se utilizó la PEP como método de referencia y se extrajeron los siguientes indicadores: contenido mineral óseo (CMO), masa grasa (MG), tejido blando magro (TBL) y porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG). Resultados: no se observaron diferencias en los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM) cuando se compararon entre el escáner WBS de referencia y el escáner HBS. El poder predictivo entre ambos escáneres osciló en ambos sexos entre R2 = 0,94 y 0,98. Los valores del índice de reproducibilidad deseable DRI que definen el grado de acuerdo entre ambas exploraciones oscilaron entre 0,97 y 0,99, y los valores de precisión (0,97 a 0,99) y exactitud (0,99) fueron altos. Conclusión: la exploración de HBS mediante DXA evidenció concordancia y altos valores de exactitud y precisión para evaluar los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM). (AU)

Accuracy in body composition scanning by adult half-body DXA scanning.

Introduction: Introduction: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard method, although one limitation is the size of the scan area. Objective: the objective was to verify the accuracy of body composition (BC) scanning through half-body DXA scanning compared to standard total body scanning. Methods: a study was conducted on 145 volunteers. Weight and height were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. DXA was used for whole-body scan (WBS) and half-body scan (HBS). WBS was used as the reference method and the following indicators were extracted: bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), lean soft tissue (LST) and percentage fat mass (%FM). Results: no differences were observed in the body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM) when compared between the reference WBS scanner and the HBS scanner. The predictive power between both scans ranged in both sexes between R2 = 0.94 and 0.98. The DRI desirable reproducibility index values defining the degree of agreement between both scans ranged from 0.97 to 0.99, and the values for precision (0.97 to 0.99) and accuracy (0.99) were high. Conclusion: HBS scanning by DXA evidenced agreement, and high values of accuracy and precision to assess body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM).

Introducción: Introducción: la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) es el método de referencia, aunque una limitación es el tamaño del área de exploración. Objetivo: el objetivo fue verificar la precisión de la exploración de la CB mediante la exploración DXA de medio cuerpo en comparación con la exploración estándar de todo el cuerpo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio con 145 voluntarios. Se evaluaron el peso y la altura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se utilizó la DXA para la exploración de cuerpo entero (WBS) y la exploración de medio cuerpo (HBS). Se utilizó la PEP como método de referencia y se extrajeron los siguientes indicadores: contenido mineral óseo (CMO), masa grasa (MG), tejido blando magro (TBL) y porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG). Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM) cuando se compararon entre el escáner WBS de referencia y el escáner HBS. El poder predictivo entre ambos escáneres osciló en ambos sexos entre R2 = 0,94 y 0,98. Los valores del índice de reproducibilidad deseable DRI que definen el grado de acuerdo entre ambas exploraciones oscilaron entre 0,97 y 0,99, y los valores de precisión (0,97 a 0,99) y exactitud (0,99) fueron altos. Conclusión: la exploración de HBS mediante DXA evidenció concordancia y altos valores de exactitud y precisión para evaluar los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM).

Normal ambulatory blood pressure in young adults with 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy

ABSTRACT Objective: Herein, we compared ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme (21OHase) deficiency and a control group. Additionally, we analyzed correlations between the glucocorticoid dose and androgen levels and ABP parameters. Subjects and methods: This case-control study included 18 patients (6 males and 12 females) and 19 controls (8 males and 11 females) matched by age (18-31 years). ABP monitoring was used to estimate blood pressure (BP) over a 24-h period. Results: No difference was noted between patients and controls in terms of systolic BP (males, 115.5 ± 5.6 vs. 117.0 ± 9.3, P = 0.733; and females, 106.4 ± 7.9 vs. 108.4 ± 7.6, P = 0.556, respectively) and diastolic BP during 24 h (males, 62.8 ± 7.5 vs. 66.2 ± 5.6, P = 0.349; and females, 62.7 ± 4.9 vs. 62.3 ± 4.9, P = 0.818, respectively). Systolic and diastolic BP and pulse pressure during daytime and nocturnal periods were similar between patients and controls. Furthermore, no differences were detected in the percentage of load and impaired nocturnal dipping of systolic and diastolic BP between patients and controls during the 24-h period. Additionally, the glucocorticoid dose (varying between r = −0.24 to 0.13, P > 0.05) and androgens levels (varying between r = 0.01 to 0.14, P > 0.05) were not associated with ABP parameters. Conclusion: No signs of an elevated risk for hypertension were observed based on ABP monitoring in young adults with CAH attributed to 21OHase deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy.

Normal ambulatory blood pressure in young adults with 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy.

Objective: Herein, we compared ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme (21OHase) deficiency and a control group. Additionally, we analyzed correlations between the glucocorticoid dose and androgen levels and ABP parameters. Subjects and methods: This case-control study included 18 patients (6 males and 12 females) and 19 controls (8 males and 11 females) matched by age (18-31 years). ABP monitoring was used to estimate blood pressure (BP) over a 24-h period. Results: No difference was noted between patients and controls in terms of systolic BP (males, 115.5 ± 5.6 vs. 117.0 ± 9.3, P = 0.733; and females, 106.4 ± 7.9 vs. 108.4 ± 7.6, P = 0.556, respectively) and diastolic BP during 24 h (males, 62.8 ± 7.5 vs. 66.2 ± 5.6, P = 0.349; and females, 62.7 ± 4.9 vs. 62.3 ± 4.9, P = 0.818, respectively). Systolic and diastolic BP and pulse pressure during daytime and nocturnal periods were similar between patients and controls. Furthermore, no differences were detected in the percentage of load and impaired nocturnal dipping of systolic and diastolic BP between patients and controls during the 24-h period. Additionally, the glucocorticoid dose (varying between r = -0.24 to 0.13, P > 0.05) and androgens levels (varying between r = 0.01 to 0.14, P > 0.05) were not associated with ABP parameters. Conclusion: No signs of an elevated risk for hypertension were observed based on ABP monitoring in young adults with CAH attributed to 21OHase deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy.

Effect of Physical Training on Body Composition in Brazilian Military.

The military are selected on the basis of physical standards and are regularly involved in strong physical activities, also related to particular sports training. The aims of the study were to analyze the effect of a 7-month military training program on body composition variables and the suitability of specific 'bioelectrical impedance vector analysis' (spBIVA), compared to DXA, to detect the changes in body composition. A sample of 270 male Brazilian cadets (19.1 ± 1.1 years), composed of a group practicing military physical training routine only (MT = 155) and a group involved in a specific sport training (SMT = 115), were measured by body composition assessments (evaluated by means of DXA and spBIVA) at the beginning and the end of the military routine year. The effect of training on body composition was similar in SMT and MT groups, with an increase in LST. DXA and spBIVA were correlated, with specific resistance (Rsp) and reactance (Xcsp) positively related to fat mass (FM), FM%, LST, and lean soft tissue index (LSTI), and phase angle positively related to LST and LSTI. Body composition variations due to physical training were recognized by spBIVA: the increase in muscle mass was indicated by the phase angle and Xcsp increase, and the stability of FM% was consistent with the unchanged values of Rsp. Military training produced an increase in muscle mass, but no change in FM%, independently of the sample characteristics at baseline and the practice of additional sports. SpBIVA is a suitable technique for the assessment of body composition in military people.

Normal bone health in young adults with 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy.

It is of great importance to investigate any potential detrimental effect on bone health in young adults with 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy. This study demonstrated normal bone health in well-controlled patients. Additionally, glucocorticoid dose may play an important role in the mineral density of femoral neck region. PURPOSE: To compare regional bone mineral densities (BMDs) and bone statuses of young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme (21OHase) deficiency with a control group. The duration and dose of glucocorticoid therapy and relative skeletal muscle index (an indicator of sarcopenia) were also analyzed as parameters to predict bone health. METHODS: This case-control study included 23 patients (7 male and 16 female) and 20 controls (8 male and 12 female) matched by age range (18 to 31 years). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and phalangeal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) were used to estimate BMD and bone status, respectively. RESULTS: No difference was observed between patients and controls (of both sexes) in absolute values of BMD and Z-scores for the total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck; or the bone status (estimated by phalangeal QUS). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that relative skeletal muscle index independently correlated with BMD of the entire body (ß: 0.67, P = 0.007), the lumbar spine (ß: 0.73, P = 0.005), and the femoral neck (ß: 0.67, P = 0.007). However, the dose of glucocorticoids (ß: - 0.38, P = 0.028) independently correlated with BMD in the femoral neck region alone. CONCLUSION: No signs of change in bone health were observed in patients with CAH when compared to the reference group. Additionally, a marker of sarcopenia was demonstrated to have a role in mineral density mechanisms in all analyzed bone sites. Only the femoral neck BMD seemed to be significantly dependent on glucocorticoid dose.

Cardiovascular dysfunction risk in young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.

BACKGROUND: The association of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by 21-hydroxylase enzyme (21OHase) deficiency, duration of treatment and dosage with cardiovascular dysfunction in young adults remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate myocardial function, vascular structures and epicardial fat thickness in young adults with CAH as a result of 21OHase deficiency. Correlations between the duration and dose of glucocorticoid therapy and cardiovascular parameters were analysed. METHODS: This case-control study of young adults (18-31 years old) included 20 patients (5 men and 15 women) and 16 control subjects (8 men and 8 women). Echocardiographic analysis was performed using high-resolution ultrasound. RESULTS: No ultrasonographic changes in any indices of myocardial function, vascular structures and epicardial fat thickness were found in patients, except for an impaired left ventricular end-diastolic diameter in female patients (28.1 ± 1.6 vs 26.0 ± 2.4 mm/m2 , P = .021), compared with those in individuals in the control group. Nevertheless, the individual patient values were within the normal range. Multiple linear regression analysis in female patients demonstrated that an elevated daily dose of glucocorticoids correlated with increased indices of left ventricular posterior wall thickness (Partial r = 0.68, P = .007), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (Partial r = 0.62, P = .017), aortic diameter (Partial r = 0.60, P = .022) and left carotid artery intima-media thickness (Partial r = 0.61, P = .021), independently of treatment duration. CONCLUSION: No signs of cardiovascular dysfunction were observed in any patient. The daily dose of glucocorticoids may play a role in the mechanisms of some markers of cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular and aortic dilation and subclinical atherosclerosis.

Fat Distribution and Lipid Profile of Young Adults with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Enzyme Deficiency.

We aimed to compare detailed fat distribution and lipid profile between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency and a control group. We also verified independent associations of treatment duration and daily hydrocortisone dose equivalent (HDE) with lipid profile within patients. This case-control study included 23 patients (7 male and 16 female) matched by an age range of young adults (18-31 years) with 20 control subjects (8 male and 12 female). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the fat distribution. Male patients demonstrated elevated indices of fat mass for total (7.7 ± 2.1 vs. 4.5 ± 1.3 kg/m2 , p = 0.003), trunk (4.0 ± 1.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2 , p = 0.005), android (0.63 ± 0.24 vs. 0.32 ± 0.15 kg/m2 , p = 0.008), gynoid (1.34 ± 0.43 vs. 0.74 ± 0.24 kg/m2 , p = 0.005), arm (0.65 ± 0.16 vs. 0.39 ± 0.10 kg/m2 , p = 0.009), and leg regions (2.7 ± 0.8 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4 kg/m2 , p = 0.005) than the control group, but not in females. However, female patients demonstrated elevated ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.90 ± 0.46 vs. 1.39 ± 0.47, p = 0.009) than the control group, but not in males. Total fat mass was inversely correlated with total testosterone (r = -0.64, p = 0.014) and positively correlated with leptin in males (r = 0.75, p = 0.002). An elevated daily HDE (ß = 0.43, p = 0.038 and ß = 0.47, p = 0.033) and trunk to total fat mass ratio (ß = 0.46, p = 0.025, and ß = 0.45, p = 0.037) were independently correlated with impaired lipid profile markers. Although there is no altered lipid profile, male patients demonstrated an increased fat distribution. However, female patients presented with an impaired lipid profile marker but demonstrated close values of normal fat distribution. Interestingly, the dose of glucocorticoid therapy can have some role in the lipid mechanisms.

Handball practice on bone health of female adolescents: evaluation of an eight-month competitive period / Prática de handebol e a densidade óssea de adolescentes do sexo feminino: avaliação de uma etapa competitiva de oito meses

A strategy to prevent bone loss diseases (i.e., osteoporosis) would be to enhance the increase of bone mass during childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to compare bone mineral den-sity (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) between female adolescent handball players and peers who did not play (control group), and to assess the changes in BMD and BMC after eight-months of competitive period. Fifty-eight female adolescents (12­17 years old) were allocated into two groups: handball players (HG: n = 27) and control group (CG: n = 31). BMC and BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and z-scores were calculated. Sexual maturity, menarche, peak height velocity (PHV ), sun exposure and calcium intake were assessed. At baseline, the handball players showed greater BMC and BMD than control group (p < 0.05). These differences between groups disappeared after adjusting for weight, BMI, menarche and lean soft tissue. After competitive period, significant time-effects for BMC and BMD of total TBLH and lumbar spine (p < 0.01) were observed in the handball players. HG increased BMC and BMD of total body and lumbar spine after eight-month. The Z-score analysis showed significant group effects with greater BMD of total body, lumbar spine, femur and hip than control group. The results showed that after eight-month compet-itive handball period, there was an increase in BMD of total body for handball players

Uma estratégia para prevenir doenças relacionadas a baixa densidade óssea, como a osteoporose, é aumentar o incremento da massa óssea durante a infância e a adolescência. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e o conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) de adolescentes jogadoras de handebol com adolescentes da mesma idade que não jogavam (grupo controle) e avaliar a resposta da DMO e CMO ao longo de oito meses de temporada competitiva de handebol. Um grupo de 58 adolescentes do sexo feminino (12 a 17 anos de idade) foram alocadas em dois grupos: jogadoras de handebol (HG: n = 27) e grupo controle (GC: n = 31). O BMC e o BMD e respectivo escore-Z foram medidos pela absorciometria por raios X de dupla energia. Maturidade sexual, menarca, pico de velocidade de crescimento (PHV ), exposição ao sol e ingestão de cálcio foram avaliados. No início, as jogadoras de handebol apresentaram maior CMO e DMO do que o grupo controle (p < 0.05). Essas diferenças entre os grupos desapareceram após ajuste para peso, IMC, menarca e massa magra. O HG aumentou a CMO e a DMO do corpo total e da coluna lombar após oito meses. A análise do escore Z mostrou maior DMO do corpo total, coluna lombar, fêmur e quadril no HG do que no CG. Os resultados mostraram que, após um período competitivo de handebol de oito meses, houve um aumento na DMO do corpo total das jogadoras de handebol. Os resultados mostram que oito meses de temporada competitiva no handebol pode induzir um aumento no crescimento ósseo quando comparado a adolescentes do sexo feminino que tinham valores similares de BMD e BMC no início do estudo

Assessment of bone mineral density in young female handball players / Avaliação da densidade mineral óssea em adolescentes jogadoras de handebol

Abstract Optimizing bone mass gain during childhood and adolescence may help prevent bone diseases in advanced ages. The aim of this study was to verify the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in female adolescent's handball players. This is a cross-sectional study where 68 female adolescents (12-17 years) were allocated into two groups: handball players (n = 29) (HG) and control group (n = 39) (CG). BMC and BMD from total body (TB), total body less head (TBLH), lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck (FN), Ward's triangle (WT) and respectively Z-scores were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Sexual maturity, menarche, PHV, time of sun exposure, physical activity level and Calcium and vitamin D intake were assessed. The HG showed significantly higher BMC, BMD as well Z-scores values (p≤0.05) of total body, TBLH, femoral neck, hip and lumbar spine than the CG. When the values were adjusted for lean soft tissue (LST) the HG showed significantly higher BMC of femoral neck (p≤0.05), as well as BMD of TBLH and femoral neck (p≤0.05) and Z-score values all bone sites except hip, than the CG. We conclude that handball players have significantly higher bone mass values compared to group of girls of the same age.

Resumo Otimizar o ganho da massa óssea durante a infância e adolescência pode auxiliar na prevenção de doenças ósseas em idades mais avançadas. Objetivou-se verificar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) em adolescentes do sexo feminino. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 68 meninas adolescentes (12 a 17 anos), divididas em dois grupos: jogadoras de handebol (HG: n=29) e grupo controle (CG: n=39). DMO e CMO de corpo inteiro (TB), corpo total menos cabeça (TBLH), coluna lombar (L1-L4), colo do fêmur (FN) e triângulo de Ward's (WT) e respectivos escore Z foram medidos usando a absorciometria por dupla emissão de raios-x (DXA). Também foi avaliada a maturidade sexual, menarca, PVC e ingestão de cálcio e vitamina D. As jogadoras de handebol mostraram valores de CMO, DMO e respectivos escores Z do corpo inteiro, TBLH, fêmur, quadril e coluna lombar significativamente maiores quando comparados ao grupo controle. Quando ajustados para a massa isenta de gordura o grupo HG apresentou valores maiores para o CMO do fêmur e DMO do fêmur e TBLH; e nos valores de escore Z de todos os sítios ósseos, exceto o quadril, quando comparadas ao CG. Concluímos que as jogadoras de handebol têm valores de massa óssea significativamente maiores comparadas ao grupo de meninas da mesma idade.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry metabolic maps to resting energy expenditure estimation, and body size dependence in Brazilian young men.

OBJECTIVES: The model most suitable for estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) metabolic maps is not known; moreover, the applicability in individuals with different body sizes also is uncertain. The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of REE estimation from models of DXA metabolic maps with four, five, and six tissue-organ components in young men, stratified by body size. METHODS: We studied 52 young men between the ages of 18 and 29 y. Participants were clustered to small (SW; n = 32) and large (LW; n = 20) weight, and small (SWH; n = 25) and large (LWH; n = 27) weight-height. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (REEm), and predicted from DXA metabolic maps with four (REEc1), five (REEc2) and six (REEc3) tissue-organ components. RESULTS: REEc1, REEc2, and REEc3 explained 54% (P < 0.001), 56% (P < 0.001), and 58% (P < 0.001) of REEm variance in all participants, respectively. However, REEc2 showed mean difference between REEm (P < 0.001), and REEc3 showed trends in estimating the REE (P < 0.05). In contrast, REEc1 showed limits of agreement (95%) of -248.3 to 285.8 kcal/d, 18.7 ± 136.3 kcal/d of bias, and no trends in the Bland-Altman analysis. The relationship between all predicted models and measured REE decreased in LW and LWH. CONCLUSIONS: REEc1 can be considered the best accurate model of REE estimation in Brazilian young men, providing the REE and metabolically active tissue-organ of four components. Caution should be exercised with the use of DXA metabolic maps in populations with greater weight and greater weight-height.

Suplementação com bebida artesanal que contém carboidrato em atletas da ginástica rítmica / Handmade drink supplementation containing carbohydrate in rhythmic gymnastics athletes / Suplementación con bebida preparada artesanalmente que contiene hidratos de carbono para deportistas de gimnasia rítmica

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a interferência do consumo de diferentes bebidas artesanais a base de carboidratos durante o treinamento sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de lactato e glicose e sensação afetiva de atletas da modalidade de Ginástica Rítmica (GR). O estudo foi desenvolvido com 10 atletas (14 a 19 anos) de GR, realizados em três dias consecutivos (1° dia: controle G1; 2° dia: Suplemento 1 G2; 3° dia: Suplemento 2 G3), com ingestão da bebida em três momentos distintos: no início do treino, 1 hora e 2 horas após. Os resultados permitem concluir que os suplementos foram eficientes para manter os níveis glicêmicos, além disso, as bebidas artesanais a base de carboidratos proporcionaram maior sensação de prazer diante do esforço realizado, principalmente o G3.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the influence of the consumption of different handmade drinks containing carbohydrates during training on lactate and glucose concentration and affective feeling of Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) athletes. The study was conducted with 10 athletes (14-19 years) of RG, performed during three consecutive days (1st day: control G1, 2nd day: Supplement 1 G2, 3rd day: Supplement 2 G3), with intake at three different times: at the beginning of training, 1 hour and 2 hours after. The results showed that the supplements were effective in maintaining glucose; moreover, the handmade drinks containing carbohydrates provided greater sense of pleasure at the efforts, especially in G3.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la influencia del consumo de diferentes bebidas preparadas artesanalmente que contienen hidratos de carbono durante el entrenamiento en la concentración plasmática de lactato y glucosa, y el sentimiento afectivo de atletas de gimnasia rítmica (GR). El estudio se llevó a cabo con 10 atletas (14-19 años) de GR, realizado durante 3 días consecutivos (primer día: control G1; segundo día: suplemento 1 G2, y tercer día: suplemento 2 G3), con la ingesta de la bebida en tres momentos diferentes: al comienzo del entreno, 1 hora y 2 horas después. Los resultados mostraron que los suplementos fueron efectivos en el mantenimiento de los niveles de glucosa; además, las bebidas preparadas artesanalmente que contienen hidratos de carbono proporcionan mayor sensación de placer por los esfuerzos realizados, especialmente en G3.

Training program influences the relation between functional and neuromuscular performance indicators during the season in young soccer players / Programa de treinamento influencia a relação entre os indicadores de desempenho funcional e neuromusculares durante a temporada em jovens futebolistas / Un programa de formación influye en la relación entre los indicadores de rendimiento funcionales y neuromusculares durante la temporada en futbolistas jóvenes

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a training program on the relation between performance indicators of different physical capacities intra and inter functional and neuromuscular systems at different times of the season. Subjects were 16 young soccer players with an average age of 16.5 ± 0.4 years. The study was carried out for 17 weeks, including three assessment moments (T1: 1st, T2: 10th and T3: 17th week). High correlation was found between indicators of neuromuscular predominance (30 meters sprint test (30 m) and Maximum Sprint (MaxSprint) (RAST) in T1) (r = 0.93, p ≤ 0.001), functional (Sprints Average (MidSprint) and Minimal Sprint (MinSprint) (RAST) in T1, T2 and T3; MinSprint and Fatigue Index (FI) (RAST) in T3) (r = 0.95, 0.85, 0.91; -0.86, p ≤ 0.001, respectively) and between functional and neuromuscular indicators (30 m and MidSprint in T1; 30 m and MinSprint in T1; MaxSprint and MidSprint in T1 and T2 and MaxSprint and MinSprint in T1) (r = 0.95, 0.93, 0.96, 0.84, 0.87, p ≤ 0.001, respectively). The training contents had influence on the correlation of performance indicators at different times of the season.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência de um programa de treinamento na relação entre indicadores de desempenho de diferentes capacidades físicas intra e inter sistema funcional e neuromuscular em diferentes momentos da temporada. Participaram do estudo 16 jovens futebolistas com idade média de 16,5 ± 0,4 anos. O estudo decorreu por 17 semanas, incluindo três momentos de avaliação (T1:1ª; T2:10ª e T3:17ª semana). Foram encontradas alta correlação entre indicadores de predominância neuromuscular (Sprints em 30m (30m) e Sprint Máximo (MaxSprint) (RAST) em T1) (r = 0,93; P ≤ 0,001), funcional (Média de Sprints (MidSprint) e Sprint Mínimo (MinSprint) (RAST) em T1, T2 e T3; MinSprint e Índice de Fadiga (FI) (RAST) em T3) (r = 0,95; 0,85; 0,91; -0,86; P ≤ 0,001, respectivamente) e entre funcional e neuromuscular (30 m e MidSprint em T1; 30 m e MinSprint em T1; MaxSprint e MidSprint em T1 e T2 e MaxSprint e MinSprint em T1) (r = 0,95; 0,93; 0,96; 0,84; 0,87; P ≤ 0,001, respectivamente). Os conteúdos de treinamento exerceram influência na correlação dos indicadores de rendimento nos diferentes momentos da temporada.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la influencia de un programa de formación en la relación entre los indicadores de desempeño de las diferentes capacidades físicas intra y intersistemas funcionales y neuromusculares, y en diferentes momentos de la temporada. En el estudio participaron 16 jugadores de fútbol jóvenes con una media de edad de 16,5 ± 0,4 años. El estudio duró 17 semanas, incluyendo tres momentos de evaluación (T1: 1.a; T2: 10.a y T3: 17.a semana). Se encontró una alta correlación entre los indicadores de prevalencia neuromuscular [sprints en 30 m (30 m) y sprint máximo (MaxSprint; RAST) en T1 (r = 0,93; P ≤ 0,001)], funcional [sprint medio (MidSprint) y sprint mínimo (MinSprint; RAST) en T1, T2 e T3; MinSprint e índice de fatiga (FI; RAST) en T3 (r = 0,95; 0,85; 0,91; -0,86; P ≤ 0,001, respectivamente)] y entre funcional y neuromuscular [30 m y MidSprint en T1; 30 m y MinSprint en T1; MaxSprint y MidSprint en T1 y T2, y MaxSprint y MinSprint en T1 (r = 0,95; 0,93; 0,96; 0,84; 0,87; P ≤ 0,001, respectivamente)]. Los contenidos de la formación han influido en la correlación de los indicadores de rendimiento en diferentes momentos de la temporada.

Sete semanas de treinamento melhoram a resistência aeróbia e a potência muscular de jogadores de futebol / Seven weeks of training improve the endurance and muscle power in soccer players

O futebol se caracteriza pela alternância de períodos de atividades de curta duração e alta intensidade intercalada por momentos de recuperação. Desta forma há uma exigência de desenvolvimento de diversas capacidades biomotoras ao longo de uma temporada. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar e discutir os efeitos de sete semanas de treinamento nas capacidades biomotoras. Participaram deste estudo 15 atletas profissionais de futebol com idade média de 25,3±3,8 anos, massa corporal de 76,6±7,5 Kg, estatura de 1,77±0,1 m e percentual de gordura de 11,7% que disputaram o Campeonato da terceira divisão nacional. Os conteúdos de treinamento foram divididos em funcional e neuromuscular. Todos os atletas foram submetidos a dois testes máximos: Yo-Yo Edurance Test Nível 1 e salto horizontal em dois momentos distintos (M1): início do programa de treinamento e (M2) após o término do período preparatório. Os dados coletados foram armazenados em banco computacional, produzindo-se informações no plano descritivo (medidas de centralidade e dispersão) e, no inferencial, após assumir a normalidade dos dados pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras pareadas, a fim de se verificar as mudanças ocorridas nas capacidades entre os momentos avaliados. O principal resultado, quanto ao indicador funcional, apresentou melhora na distância percorrida no Yo-Yo Endurance Test Nível 1 de M1 (2376,0±202,4 m) para M2 (2581,3±173,1 m). O indicador neuromuscular apontou melhora no salto horizontal de M1 (2,44±0,1 m) para M2 (2,48±0,1 m). Assim, concluímos com os resultados encontrados que a metodologia utilizada no presente estudo foi considerada eficaz em causar alteração sobre o indicador funcional, bem como no neuromuscular durante o período estudado.

Soccer is characterized by alternating periods of activities of short duration and high intensity interspersed with moments of recovery. Thus there is a demand of development of various physical capacities. The aim of this study was to evaluate and discuss the effects of seven weeks of training on the physical capacities. 15 professionals soccer players with an average age of 25, 3±3,8, weigth of 76,6±7,5, height of 1,77±0,1 m and body fat of 11,7% were included in this study and who dispute the third division of national championship. The training program was divided into functional and neuromuscular. All the athletes were submitted to maximal tests: Yo-Yo Edurance Test Level 1 andStanding long jump test which were performed before the training program (M1) and after seven weeks (M2). The data collected were kept in a computer, producing the information in the plan descriptive (measures of centrality and dispersion) and, inferentially, after taking the data for normality by the Shapiro-Wilk, we used the Student t-test for paired samples, in order to verify the possible changes in the capacities between the both moments. The main results, as the functional indicator, showed improvement on the cover distance in the Yo-Yo Endurance Test Level 1 from M1 (2376,0±202,4 m) to M2 (2581,3±173,1 m). The neuromuscular indicator showed improvement in the Standing long jump test from M1 (2,44±0,1 m) to M2 (2,48±0,1 m). Thus, we conclude with the results found that the methodology used in this study was effective in causing change on the functional indicator, as well as in the neuromuscular indicator during the study period.

Efeitos da ingetão de uma bebida carboidratada em atletas juvenis de futebol / Efects of cho inntake on youth soccer laayers

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da ingestão de maltodextrina 6% sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de lactato, glicemia, frequência cardíaca, percepção subjetiva do esforço e sensações afetivas durante teste de esforço crescente em jogadores de futebol. Participaram do estudo 8 atletas juvenis do gênero masculino com idade média de 16,8 ± 0,5 anos. Esses atletas foram submetidos a um teste de esforço progressivo em esteira ergométrica elétrica, sob condição controle e com ingestão de maltodextrina 6%, realizados em dias distintos. O teste teve início com velocidade de 5 km/h, mantidos por 5 minutos para um breve aquecimento. Na sequência, foi imposta a segunda carga, de 7 km/h, por 5 minutos, com aumentos progressivos a cada 5 minutos de 1 km/h até a exaustão e/ou interrupção voluntária do atleta. Ao final de cada carga a velocidade era diminuída para coleta de sangue e posterior análise do lactato e glicemia. Neste momento eram mensurados também, a frequência cardíaca, o esforço percebido e a sensação afetiva. Os testes foram realizados em duas semanas, na primeira o experimento controle (dois dias consecutivos) e na segunda com a suplementação. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o Teste t de Student, após o programa estatístico indicar as normalidades desses dados. Os resultados apontaram que a ingestão de maltodextrina 6% não alterou as concentrações de lactato, esforço percebido e frequência cardíaca. Porém, diferenças significativas (p= 0,0331) foram encontradas a 11 km/h para sensações afetivas, demonstrando que a sensação de desconforto foi menor no teste com a ingestão de maltodextrina 6%. A glicemia, que apresentou elevação significativa nos primeiros minutos do exercício, seguida por um decréscimo também significativo na condição suplementada, podendo este ter sido fator limitante das outras variáveis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the maltodextrin 6% intake on the concentrations of lactate, blood glucose, heart rate, subjective perception of exertion and affective sensations during increasing effort test in soccer players. Eight juvenile male athletes, average age of 16.8 ± 0.5 years, participated of the study. They were submitted to a progressive exertion test using an electric treadmill, under controlled conditions and maltodextrin 6% intake, accomplished in different days. The test began with a speed of 5 km/h for 5 min as a brief warm-up. Next, the second load had a speed of 7 km/h for 5 min, with progressive increases of 1 km/h every 5 min up to the exhaustion and/or the athlete?s voluntary interruption. At the end of each speed, the load was decreased to collect blood for posterior analysis of lactate and blood glucose. At that time, the heart rate, perceived exertion and affective sensation were also measured. The tests were acarried out for two weeks: in the first week, the control experiment (two consecutive days) and in the second the treatment with supplementation. Data were analyzed utilizing Student?s t test, after the statistical program indicated normality of these data. The results showed that maltodextrin 6% intake did not alter lactate concentrations, perceived exertion and heart rate. However, significant differences (p = 0.0331) were found at 11 km/h for affective sensations that demonstrate how the athletes are feeling during the progressive test; they demonstrated that the discomfort sensation was smaller in the test with maltodextrin 6% intake. Blood glucose that presented a significant increase in the first minutes of exercise followed by a significant decrease of the supplemented condition, may be a limiting factor to other variables.